ABSTRACT
This study has been carried out to compare antimycobacterial activity of five selected Indonesian endogenous medicinal plants of Andrographis paniculata, Annona muricata, Centella asiatica, Pluchea indica, and Rhoeo spathacea against clinical isolate of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aqueous extracts of leaves of Andrographis paniculata, Annona muricata, Centella asiatica, Pluchea indica, and Rhoeo spathacea were obtained by maceration, and the phytochemical constituents of each extract were screened. Antimycobacterial activity of aqueous plant extracts were determined by proportion methods using Lowenstein Jensen (L-J) medium. Our study exhibited that all extracts of five selected plants showed inhibited activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain and multi drug resistant (MDR) strain. The proportion inhibition of aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata, Annona muricata, Centella asiatica, Pluchea indica, and Rhoeo spathacea, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain were 100%, 82.1%, 78.5%, 100%, and 100% respectively, whereas against MDR strain were 93.7%, 50.0%, 50.0%, 100%, and 100% respectively. The phytochemical analysis showed that the extracts were predominantly contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. Pluchea indica, and Rhoeo spathacea showed good antimycobacterial activity against MDR strains and could be useful as complementary alternative therapy in combating the emergence of MDR strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of antibiotics in acute respiratory infections in children in Dr Mintohardjo Navy Hospital, Jakarta. Place and Duration of Study: Pediatric Clinic of Dr. Mintohardjo Navy Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia during January to December 2012. Methodology: This study is a cross-sectional study consisting of children under the age of 5 years, who suffered from acute respiratory tract infections and hospitalized at pediatric clinic of Dr. Mintohardjo Navy Hospital, Jakarta. The data were collected from patient medical records retrospectively. The assessment of antibiotic prescribing patterns for children younger than 5 years was carried out based on the Indonesian Guideline of antibiotic use in acute respiratory tract infections in children. Results: A total of 96 patients enrolled in this study consisted of 53.1% males and 46.9% females. The types of acute respiratory tract infections were acute pharyngotonsilitis (95.8%), acute pneumonia (3.1%) and acute laryngitis (1.1%). The most commonly used antibiotics were ceftriaxone (42.5%), cefotaxime (30.0%), gentamicin (6.3%), cefadroxil (5.0%), cefixime (5.0%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (5.0%), amoxicillin (2.5%), thiamphenicol (2.5%) and chloramphenicol (1.3%). Conclusion: The compliance rate of pediatricians to follow the Indonesian Guideline on the use of antibiotics for acute respiratory tract infections was very low. It is necessary to increase compliance with the Indonesian Guideline to improve the control program of acute respiratory infections, and to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate antibacterial activity of the Indonesian water soluble green tea extract,Camellia sinensis, against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MRSA) and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-P. aeruginosa). Methods:Antimicrobial activity of green tea extract was determined by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the twofold serial broth dilutions method. The tested bacteria using in this study were the standard strains and multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, obtained from Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. Results:The results showed that the inhibition zone diameter of green tea extracts for S. aureus ATCC 25923 and MRSA were (18.970±0.287) mm, and (19.130±0.250) mm respectively. While the inhibition zone diameter for P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and MDR-P. aeruginosa were (17.550±0.393) mm and (17.670±0.398) mm respectively. The MIC of green tea extracts against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and MRSA were 400 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL, respectively, whereas the MIC for P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and MDR-P. aeruginosa were 800 μg/mL, and 800 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: Camellia sinensis leaves extract could be useful in combating emerging drug-resistance caused by MRSA and P. aeruginosa.